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Voltage source and terminal voltage can be related as ___________

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Voltage source and terminal voltage can be related as ___________ (a) terminal voltage is higher than the source emf (b) terminal voltage is equal to the source emf (c) terminal voltage is always lower than source emf (d) terminal voltage cannot exceed source emf This question was posed to me in an interview. Origin of the question is Voltage and Current Sources in section Circuit Elements and Kirchhoff’s Laws of Network Theory

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The correct choice is (c) terminal voltage is always lower than source emf The explanation: A practical voltage source can be represented with a resistance in series with the source. Hence, there would be some voltage drop at the resistor and the terminal voltage is always lower than the source emf.

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